From Homer Through Plato & Aristotle to the Gospels

1.) We know that the first three words of the Iliad are
Menin aedei Thea
which is
RAGE SING GODDESS

So, it is rather obvious that the Iliad has something to do with RAGE in particular
and passions or excess of passions in general.

I would LOVE to know if the Greek word hamartia occurs in Homer.

We KNOW that Aristotle uses the word hamartia in his Poetics to mean
"miscalculation" (understood in Romanticism as "tragic flaw")

AND we know that by the time the four Gospels of the evangelists were
written, the Greek word HAMARTIA had come to mean SIN.

I have open before me the ponderous volume of the LARGE Liddell and Scott ancient Greek lexicon, and I am looking at the verb HAMARTANO, where we read that in the
Iliad Book V verse a form of HAMARTANO is used to denote "MISSING THE MARK" especially with regard to someone who throws a spear and misses. In the Odyssey Bk 21 v. 155 it is used to mean fail in one's purpose or go wrong.

In the first line of the Iliad, we see that the 3rd word is Thea, Goddess, which is the feminine form of THEOS, God. It is obvious that Homer makes frequent mention of THEOS. Plato and Aristotle also use the same word THEOS to me one of the Gods of a pantheon, or the one God in abstract. And by the time we get to the Gospel of John
we read "EN ARXHE EEN HO LOGOS.... KAI THEOS HO LOGOS". The Gospel writers are also writing in a dialect of the Greek language.

Now, it is obvious and indisputable that Achilles refuses to join in battle for various reasons, and so his best friend Patroclus PUTS ON ACHILLES' ARMOUR (which is so famous and distinctive that the enemy may easily think that this is Achilles himself). So, we have a best friend out of love, assuming the identity of his friend and dieing in his place. Furthermore, Hector, who is on the side of the Trojan enemy, PUTS ON ACHILLES ARMOUR, and so Achilles winds up fighting and killing someone who is ALSO IN THE IMAGE OR GUISE OR SEMBLANCE OF Achilles.

It is most certain that Homer was not thinking about Aristotle or Jesus when he was writing the Iliad because Homer lived and wrote centuries before those people lived. BUT there is a unity of Greek language and unity of traditions to the extent that ONE CANNOT RULE OUT the possibility that elements of Homer affected future generations in the sense of planting the seeds of ideas.